Iimveliso
Iimodyuli
Iimodyuli ezenzelwe wena ziyafumaneka ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezikhethekileyo zabathengi, kwaye ziyahambelana nemigangatho efanelekileyo yemizi-mveliso kunye neemeko zovavanyo. Ngexesha lenkqubo yokuthengisa, abathengisi bethu baya kwazisa abathengi ngolwazi olusisiseko lweemodyuli ezi-odolweyo, kubandakanya indlela yokufakela, iimeko zokusetyenziswa, kunye nomahluko phakathi kweemodyuli zesiqhelo nezenziwe wena. Ngokufanayo, iiarhente ziya kwazisa abathengi bazo abasezantsi ngeenkcukacha malunga neemodyuli ezenzelwe wena.
Sinikezela ngeefreyimu ezimnyama okanye zesilivere zeemodyuli ukuhlangabezana nezicelo zabathengi kunye nokusetyenziswa kweemodyuli. Sicebisa iimodyuli ezintle zefreyimu emnyama kwiiphahla nakwiindonga zekhethini zokwakha. Akukho freyimu zimnyama okanye zesilivere ezichaphazela isivuno samandla semodyuli.
Ukugqobhoza kunye nokuwelda akukhuthazwa kuba kunokonakalisa isakhiwo siphela semodyuli, okubangela ukuwohloka kwamandla okulayisha oomatshini ngexesha leenkonzo ezilandelayo, okunokukhokelela kwiimfanta ezingabonakaliyo kwiimodyuli kwaye ngaloo ndlela kuchaphazele imveliso yamandla.
Imveliso yamandla yemodyuli ixhomekeke kwizinto ezintathu: imitha yelanga (iiyure ze-H-peak), umlinganiselo wamandla we-nameplate yemodyuli (ii-watts) kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo (i-Pr) (ngokubanzi ithathwa malunga ne-80%), apho isivuno samandla iyonke sisiphumo sezi zinto zintathu; isivuno samandla = H x W x Pr. Umthamo ofakiweyo uhlanganiswa ngokuphindaphinda umlinganiselo wamandla we-nameplate yemodyuli enye ngenani lilonke leemodyuli kwinkqubo. Umzekelo, kwiimodyuli ezili-10 ezingama-285 W ezifakiweyo, umthamo ofakiweyo yi-285 x 10 = 2,850 W.
Ukuphuculwa kwemveliso yamandla okufezekiswa ziimodyuli ze-PV ezimbini xa kuthelekiswa neemodyuli zesiqhelo kuxhomekeke ekukhanyeni komhlaba, okanye kwi-albedo; ukuphakama kunye ne-azimuth ye-tracker okanye enye i-racking efakiweyo; kunye nomlinganiselo wokukhanya okuthe ngqo kukukhanya okusasazekileyo kummandla (iintsuku eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okanye ezingwevu). Ngenxa yezi zinto, ubungakanani bophuculo kufuneka buhlolwe ngokusekelwe kwiimeko zokwenyani zesityalo samandla se-PV. Ukuphuculwa kwemveliso yamandla amabini kususela kwi-5--20%.
Iimodyuli zeToenergy zivavanywe ngokungqongqo kwaye ziyakwazi ukumelana nesantya somoya wenkanyamba ukuya kuthi ga kwiBanga le-12. Ezi modyuli zikwanalo nebanga elingangeni manzi le-IP68, kwaye ziyakwazi ukumelana ngempumelelo nesichotho esinobukhulu obuyi-25 mm ubuncinane.
Iimodyuli ze-Monofacial zinewaranti yeminyaka engama-25 yokuvelisa umbane ngokufanelekileyo, ngelixa ukusebenza kwemodyuli ye-bifacial kuqinisekisiwe iminyaka engama-30.
Iimodyuli ze-Bifacial zibiza kancinci kuneemodyuli ze-monofacial, kodwa zinokuvelisa amandla amaninzi phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo. Xa icala elingasemva lemodyuli lingavaliwe, ukukhanya okufunyenwe ngasemva kwemodyuli ye-bifacial kunokuphucula kakhulu isivuno samandla. Ukongeza, isakhiwo seglasi-iglasi semodyuli ye-bifacial sinokumelana ngcono nokukhukuliseka kwendalo ngumphunga wamanzi, inkungu yomoya wetyuwa, njl. Iimodyuli ze-Monofacial zifanelekile ngakumbi ukufakwa kwiindawo zeentaba kunye nokusetyenziswa kophahla olusasazekileyo.
Ukubonisana ngoBugcisa
Iipropati zoMbane
Iiparameter zokusebenza kombane zeemodyuli ze-photovoltaic ziquka i-open circuit voltage (Voc), i-transfer current (Isc), i-operating voltage (Um), i-operating current (Im) kunye ne-maximum output power (Pm).
1) Xa u-U=0 xa izigaba ezilungileyo nezingalunganga zecandelo zijikeleziswa ngokufutshane, umbane ngeli xesha ngumbane wesekethe emfutshane. Xa iiteminali ezilungileyo nezingalunganga zecandelo zingadibaniswanga kumthwalo, umbane ophakathi kweiteminali ezilungileyo nezingalunganga zecandelo yi-voltage yesekethe evulekileyo.
2) Amandla aphezulu okukhupha axhomekeke kukukhanya kwelanga, ukusasazwa kwe-spectral, ubushushu obusebenza kancinci kancinci kunye nobungakanani bomthwalo, ngokubanzi kuvavanywa phantsi kweemeko ezisemgangathweni ze-STC (i-STC ibhekisa kwi-AM1.5 spectrum, ubunzulu bemitha yesiganeko yi-1000W/m2, ubushushu becandelo kwi-25°C)
3) I-voltage esebenzayo yi-voltage ehambelana nendawo ephezulu yamandla, kwaye i-current esebenzayo yi-current ehambelana nendawo ephezulu yamandla.
I-voltage yesekethe evulekileyo yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeemodyuli ze-photovoltaic yahlukile, enxulumene nenani leeseli kwimodyuli kunye nendlela yoqhagamshelo, emalunga ne-30V ~ 60V. Iinxalenye azinazo iiswitshi zombane ezizimeleyo, kwaye i-voltage iveliswa xa kukho ukukhanya. I-voltage yesekethe evulekileyo yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeemodyuli ze-photovoltaic yahlukile, enxulumene nenani leeseli kwimodyuli kunye nendlela yoqhagamshelo, emalunga ne-30V ~ 60V. Iinxalenye azinazo iiswitshi zombane ezizimeleyo, kwaye i-voltage iveliswa xa kukho ukukhanya.
Ingaphakathi le-photovoltaic module sisixhobo se-semiconductor, kwaye i-voltage e-positive/negative eya emhlabeni ayiloxabiso lizinzileyo. Ukulinganisa ngokuthe ngqo kuya kubonisa i-voltage edadayo kwaye ibole ngokukhawuleza ukuya kwi-0, engenaxabiso elisebenzayo lesalathiso. Kucetyiswa ukuba kulinganiswe i-voltage yesekethe evulekileyo phakathi kwe-terminals e-positive ne-negative ye-module phantsi kweemeko zokukhanya zangaphandle.
Umbane kunye ne-voltage yezityalo zamandla elanga zinxulumene nobushushu, ukukhanya, njl. Ekubeni ubushushu kunye nokukhanya kuhlala kutshintsha, i-voltage kunye nomsinga ziya kutshintshatshintsha (ubushushu obuphezulu kunye ne-voltage ephantsi, ubushushu obuphezulu kunye nomsinga ophezulu; ukukhanya okulungileyo, umsinga ophezulu kunye ne-voltage); umsebenzi wezinto Ubushushu buyi--40°C-85°C, ngoko ke utshintsho lobushushu aluyi kuchaphazela ukuveliswa kombane kwisikhululo samandla.
I-voltage yesekethe evulekileyo yemodyuli ilinganiswa phantsi kwemeko ye-STC (1000W/㎡irradiance, 25°C). Ngenxa yeemeko zokurhawuzelela, iimeko zobushushu, kunye nokuchaneka kwesixhobo sovavanyo ngexesha lovavanyo oluzenzekelayo, i-voltage yesekethe evulekileyo kunye ne-voltage ye-nameplate ziya kubangelwa. Kukho ukuphambuka xa kuthelekiswa; (2) I-coefficient yobushushu be-voltage yesekethe evulekileyo eqhelekileyo imalunga ne--0.3(-)-0.35%/℃, ngoko ke ukuphambuka kovavanyo kunxulumene nomahluko phakathi kobushushu kunye ne-25℃ ngexesha lovavanyo, kunye ne-voltage yesekethe evulekileyo ebangelwa kukurhawuzelela. Umahluko awuyi kudlula i-10%. Ke ngoko, ngokubanzi, ukuphambuka phakathi kwe-voltage yesekethe evulekileyo yokubona kwindawo kunye noluhlu lwe-nameplate yokwenyani kufuneka kubalwe ngokwemeko yokulinganisa yokwenyani, kodwa ngokubanzi akuyi kudlula i-15%.
Hlukanisa iinxalenye ngokwe-current elinganisiweyo, uze uziphawule kwaye uzazihlukanise kwiinxalenye.
Ngokubanzi, i-inverter ehambelana necandelo lamandla icwangciswe ngokweemfuno zenkqubo. Amandla e-inverter ekhethiweyo kufuneka afane namandla aphezulu e-photovoltaic cell array. Ngokubanzi, amandla okukhupha alinganisiweyo e-inverter ye-photovoltaic akhethwa ukuba afane namandla okufaka apheleleyo, ukuze kongiwe iindleko.
Kwindlela yoyilo lwenkqubo ye-photovoltaic, inyathelo lokuqala, nelibaluleke kakhulu, kukuhlalutya izixhobo zamandla elanga kunye nedatha yemozulu enxulumene nayo kwindawo apho iprojekthi ifakwe kwaye isetyenziswa khona. Idatha yemozulu, efana nemitha yelanga yendawo, imvula, kunye nesantya somoya, yidatha ebalulekileyo yokuyila inkqubo. Okwangoku, idatha yemozulu yayo nayiphi na indawo emhlabeni inokubuzwa simahla kwi-NASA's National Aeronautics and Space Administration weather database.
Umgaqo weeModyuli
1. Ihlobo lixesha apho umbane usetyenziswa kakhulu emakhaya. Ukufaka izityalo zamandla ze-photovoltaic emakhaya kunokonga iindleko zombane.
2. Ukufaka izitishi zamandla ze-photovoltaic ezisetyenziselwa emakhaya kunokunandipha inkxaso-mali karhulumente, kwaye kunokuthengisa umbane ogqithisileyo kwigridi, ukuze kufumaneke iingenelo zelanga, ezinokusebenza ngeenjongo ezahlukeneyo.
3. Isikhululo samandla se-photovoltaic esibekwe eluphahleni sinefuthe elithile lokuthintela ubushushu, elinokunciphisa ubushushu bangaphakathi ngama-degrees ama-3-5. Ngelixa ubushushu besakhiwo bulawulwa, bunokunciphisa kakhulu ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kwe-air conditioner.
4. Eyona nto iphambili echaphazela ukuveliswa kombane we-photovoltaic kukukhanya kwelanga. Ehlotyeni, iintsuku zinde kwaye ubusuku bufutshane, kwaye iiyure zokusebenza zesikhululo sombane zinde kunesiqhelo, ngoko ke ukuveliswa kombane kuya kwanda ngokwemvelo.
Ukuba nje kukho ukukhanya, iimodyuli ziya kuvelisa i-voltage, kwaye umbane oveliswa yifoto ulingana nokukhanya okukhulu. Ezi zixhobo ziya kusebenza naphantsi kweemeko zokukhanya okuphantsi, kodwa amandla okukhupha aya kuba mancinci. Ngenxa yokukhanya okubuthathaka ebusuku, amandla aveliswa ziimodyuli awanelanga ukuqhuba i-inverter ukuba isebenze, ngoko ke iimodyuli ngokubanzi azivelisi umbane. Nangona kunjalo, phantsi kweemeko ezinzima ezifana nokukhanya kwenyanga okunamandla, inkqubo ye-photovoltaic isenokuba namandla aphantsi kakhulu.
Iimodyuli ze-photovoltaic zenziwe ikakhulu ziiseli, ifilimu, i-backplane, iglasi, ifreyimu, ibhokisi yokuxhuma, iribhoni, ijeli ye-silica kunye nezinye izinto. Iphepha lebhetri lelona sixhobo siphambili sokwenza umbane; ezinye izinto zibonelela ngokhuseleko lokupakishwa, inkxaso, ukubopha, ukumelana nemozulu kunye neminye imisebenzi.
Umahluko phakathi kwee-monocrystalline modules kunye nee-polycrystalline modules kukuba ii-cells zahlukile. Ii-monocrystalline cells kunye nee-polycrystalline cells zinomgaqo ofanayo wokusebenza kodwa iinkqubo zokuvelisa zahlukile. Inkangeleko nayo yahlukile. I-monocrystalline battery ine-arc chamfering, kwaye i-polycrystalline battery yi-rectangle epheleleyo.
Licala langaphambili lemodyuli enye kuphela elinokuvelisa umbane, kwaye omabini amacala emodyuli enezinhlangothi ezimbini anokuvelisa umbane.
Kukho umaleko wefilimu yokugquma phezu kwephepha lebhetri, kwaye ukuguquguquka kwenkqubo yokucubungula kukhokelela kumahluko kubukhulu bomaleko wefilimu, okwenza ukubonakala kwephepha lebhetri kwahluke ukusuka kuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ukuya kumnyama. Iiseli zihlelwa ngexesha lenkqubo yokuvelisa imodyuli ukuqinisekisa ukuba umbala weeseli ngaphakathi kwimodyuli efanayo uyahambelana, kodwa kuya kubakho umahluko wemibala phakathi kweemodyuli ezahlukeneyo. Umahluko kumbala kuphela umahluko kwimbonakalo yeenxalenye, kwaye awunampembelelo ekusebenzeni kombane kweenxalenye.
Umbane oveliswa ziimodyuli ze-photovoltaic ungowomsinga othe ngqo, kwaye intsimi ye-electromagnetic ejikelezileyo izinzile, kwaye ayikhuphi amaza e-electromagnetic, ngoko ke ayiyi kuvelisa imitha ye-electromagnetic.
Ukusebenza kunye noLondolozo lweeModyuli
Iimodyuli ze-photovoltaic eziphahleni kufuneka zicocwe rhoqo.
1. Jonga rhoqo ukucoceka komphezulu wenxalenye (kanye ngenyanga), kwaye uwucoce rhoqo ngamanzi acocekileyo. Xa ucoca, qwalasela ukucoceka komphezulu wenxalenye, ukuze uphephe indawo eshushu yenxalenye ebangelwa bukungcola okushiyekileyo;
2. Ukuze kuthintelwe umonakalo wokothuka ngombane emzimbeni kunye nomonakalo onokwenzeka kwizinto xa kusulwa izinto phantsi kobushushu obuphezulu kunye nokukhanya okunamandla, ixesha lokucoca likusasa nangokuhlwa ngaphandle kokukhanya kwelanga;
3. Zama ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho khula, imithi, kunye nezakhiwo eziphakamileyo kunemodyuli kwicala lasempuma, kumzantsi-mpuma, emazantsi, kumzantsi-ntshona, nasentshona yemodyuli. Ukhula kunye nemithi ephakamileyo kunemodyuli kufuneka zinqunyulwe ngexesha ukuze kuthintelwe ukuvalwa nokuchaphazela ukuveliswa kombane kwimodyuli.
Emva kokuba icandelo lonakele, ukusebenza kwe-insulation yombane kuyancitshiswa, kwaye kukho umngcipheko wokuvuza kunye nokutshayiswa ngumbane. Kucetyiswa ukuba ufake icandelo elitsha endaweni yalo ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba umbane ucinyiwe.
Ukuveliswa kwamandla kwimodyuli ye-photovoltaic ngokwenene kunxulumene kakhulu neemeko zemozulu ezifana namaxesha onyaka amane, imini nobusuku, kunye namafu okanye ilanga. Kwimozulu yemvula, nangona kungekho kukhanya kwelanga ngqo, ukuveliswa kwamandla kwizityalo zamandla ze-photovoltaic kuya kuba sezantsi, kodwa akuyeki ukuvelisa amandla. Iimodyuli ze-photovoltaic zisagcina ukusebenza kakuhle kokuguqulwa phantsi kokukhanya okusasazekileyo okanye kwaneemeko zokukhanya okubuthathaka.
Izinto zemozulu azinakulawulwa, kodwa ukwenza umsebenzi olungileyo wokugcina iimodyuli ze-photovoltaic kubomi bemihla ngemihla kunokunyusa ukuveliswa kombane. Emva kokuba izixhobo zifakiwe kwaye ziqale ukuvelisa umbane ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuhlolwa rhoqo kunokugcina ulwazi ngokusebenza kwesikhululo sombane, kwaye ukucoca rhoqo kunokususa uthuli kunye nolunye uthuli kumphezulu wezixhobo kwaye kuphucule ukusebenza kakuhle kokuveliswa kombane kwezixhobo.
1. Gcina umoya ungena, jonga rhoqo ubushushu obujikeleze i-inverter ukuze ubone ukuba umoya ungajikeleza ngokwesiqhelo na, hlamba rhoqo izikhuselo kwiindawo, jonga rhoqo ukuba izibiyeli kunye nezibophelelo zeendawo zikhululekile na, kwaye ujonge ukuba iintambo zivuliwe na. Imeko njalo njalo.
2. Qinisekisa ukuba akukho khula, amagqabi awileyo kunye neentaka ezijikeleze isikhululo samandla. Khumbula ukuba ungazomisi izityalo, iimpahla, njl. kwiimodyuli ze-photovoltaic. Ezi ndawo zokukhosela aziyi kuchaphazela kuphela ukuveliswa kombane, kodwa zikwabangela nefuthe le-hot spot leemodyuli, zibangele iingozi ezinokubakho zokhuseleko.
3. Akuvumelekanga ukutshiza amanzi kwizinto ezifunekayo ukuze kuphole ngexesha lobushushu obuphezulu. Nangona olu hlobo lwendlela yomhlaba lunokuba nefuthe lokupholisa, ukuba isikhululo sakho samandla asithintelwanga manzi ngokufanelekileyo ngexesha loyilo nofakelo, kunokubakho umngcipheko wokutshayiswa ngumbane. Ukongeza, ukusebenza kokutshiza amanzi ukuze kuphole kufana "nemvula yelanga yokwenziwa", eya kunciphisa ukuveliswa kombane kwisikhululo samandla.
Irobhothi yokucoca ngesandla kunye nokucoca ingasetyenziswa ngeendlela ezimbini, ezikhethwa ngokweempawu zoqoqosho lwesikhululo samandla kunye nobunzima bokusebenza; kufuneka kunikwe ingqalelo kwinkqubo yokususa uthuli: 1. Ngexesha lenkqubo yokucoca izixhobo, akuvumelekanga ukuma okanye ukuhamba phezu kwezinto ukuze kuthintelwe amandla endawo kwizixhobo. Ukukhupha; 2. Ubuninzi bokucoca imodyuli buxhomekeke kwisantya sokuqokelelana kothuli kunye nenkunkuma yeentaka kumphezulu wemodyuli. Isikhululo samandla esinezikhuselo ezincinci sihlala sicocwa kabini ngonyaka. Ukuba isikhuselo sinzima, sinokunyuswa ngokufanelekileyo ngokwezibalo zoqoqosho. 3. Zama ukukhetha imini yasekuseni, yangokuhlwa okanye enamafu xa ukukhanya kubuthathaka (ukukhanya kungaphantsi kwe-200W/㎡) yokucoca; 4. Ukuba iglasi, i-backplane okanye intambo yemodyuli yonakele, kufuneka itshintshwe ngexesha ngaphambi kokucoca ukuthintela ukutshayiswa kombane.
1. Imikrwelo engasemva kwemodyuli iya kubangela ukuba umphunga wamanzi ungene kwimodyuli kwaye unciphise ukusebenza kobushushu bemodyuli, nto leyo ebeka umngcipheko omkhulu wokhuseleko;
2. Ukusebenza nokugcinwa kwemihla ngemihla kunika ingqalelo ukujonga ukungaqhelekanga kwemikrwelo yangasemva, ukufumanisa nokujongana nayo ngexesha elifanelekileyo;
3. Kwizinto ezikrwelwe, ukuba imikrwelo ayinzulu kwaye ayiphumi kumphezulu, ungasebenzisa iteyiphu yokulungisa i-backplane ekhutshwe emarikeni ukuyilungisa. Ukuba imikrwelo imbi kakhulu, kucetyiswa ukuba uyitshintshe ngokuthe ngqo.
1. Kwinkqubo yokucoca imodyuli, akuvumelekanga ukuma okanye ukuhamba kwiimodyuli ukuze kuthintelwe ukuphuma kweemodyuli kwindawo ethile;
2. Ubuninzi bokucoca iimodyuli buxhomekeke kwisantya sokuqokelelwa kwezinto ezivimbayo ezifana nothuli kunye nenkunkuma yeentaka kumphezulu wemodyuli. Izitishi zamandla ezinezithintelo ezincinci zihlala zicoceka kabini ngonyaka. Ukuba ukuvala kukhulu, kunokwandiswa ngokufanelekileyo ngokwezibalo zoqoqosho.
3. Zama ukukhetha iintsuku zakusasa, zangokuhlwa okanye ezinamafu xa ukukhanya kubuthathaka (ukukhanya kungaphantsi kwe-200W/㎡) zokucoca;
4. Ukuba iglasi, i-backplane okanye intambo yemodyuli yonakele, kufuneka itshintshwe ngexesha ngaphambi kokuba icocwe ukuze kuthintelwe ukutshayiswa ngumbane.
Uxinzelelo lwamanzi okucoca lucetyiswa ukuba lube yi-≤3000pa ngaphambili kunye ne-≤1500pa ngasemva kwemodyuli (umva wemodyuli enamacala amabini kufuneka ucocwe ukuze kuveliswe umbane, kwaye umva wemodyuli eqhelekileyo awukhuthazwa). ~8 phakathi.
Kwizinto ezimdaka ezingenakususwa ngamanzi acocekileyo, ungakhetha ukusebenzisa ezinye izicoci zeglasi zoshishino, utywala, i-methanol kunye nezinye izinyibilikisi ngokwehlobo lokungcola. Akuvumelekanga ngokupheleleyo ukusebenzisa ezinye izinto zeekhemikhali ezifana nomgubo orhabaxa, iarhente yokucoca erhabaxa, iarhente yokucoca impahla, umatshini wokupolisha, i-sodium hydroxide, i-benzene, i-nitro thinner, i-asidi enamandla okanye i-alkali enamandla.
Iingcebiso: (1) Jonga rhoqo ukucoceka komphezulu wemodyuli (kanye ngenyanga), kwaye uwucoce rhoqo ngamanzi acocekileyo. Xa ucoca, qwalasela ukucoceka komphezulu wemodyuli ukuze uphephe iindawo ezishushu kwimodyuli ezibangelwa bukungcola okushiyekileyo. Ixesha lokucoca likusasa nangokuhlwa xa kungekho kukhanya kwelanga; (2) Zama ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho khula, imithi kunye nezakhiwo eziphakamileyo kunemodyuli kwicala lasempuma, kumzantsi-mpuma, kumzantsi-ntshona, kumzantsi-ntshona nasentshona yemodyuli, kwaye unqumle ukhula kunye nemithi ephakamileyo kunemodyuli ngexesha ukuze uphephe ukuvaleka Ukuchaphazela ukuveliswa kwamandla kwezinto.
Ukwanda kokuveliswa kwamandla kwiimodyuli ezimbini xa kuthelekiswa neemodyuli eziqhelekileyo kuxhomekeke kwezi zinto zilandelayo: (1) ukubonakaliswa komhlaba (omhlophe, okhanyayo); (2) ukuphakama kunye nokuthambekela kwenkxaso; (3) ukukhanya okuthe ngqo kunye nokusasazeka kwendawo ekuyo Umlinganiselo wokukhanya (isibhakabhaka siluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kakhulu okanye singwevu); ke ngoko, kufuneka sivavanywe ngokwemeko yokwenyani yesikhululo samandla.
Ukuba kukho ukuvaleka ngaphezulu kwemodyuli, kusenokungabikho iindawo ezishushu, kuxhomekeke kwimeko yokwenyani yokuvaleka. Kuya kuba nefuthe ekuvelisweni kombane, kodwa impembelelo kunzima ukuyibala kwaye ifuna iingcali zobuchwephesha ukuba zibalwe.
Izisombululo
Isikhululo sombane
Umbane kunye ne-voltage yezityalo zamandla ze-PV zichaphazeleka bubushushu, ukukhanya kunye nezinye iimeko. Kusoloko kukho ukuguquguquka kwi-voltage kunye ne-current kuba utshintsho kwi-temperature kunye ne-light luhlala luhleli: okukhona ubushushu buphezulu, kokukhona i-voltage iphantsi kwaye i-current iphezulu, kwaye okukhona ubushushu bokukhanya buphezulu, kokukhona i-voltage kunye ne-current ziphezulu. Iimodyuli zinokusebenza kuluhlu lobushushu oluyi--40°C--85°C ngoko ke isivuno samandla sesityalo samandla se-PV siya kuchaphazeleka.
Iimodyuli zibonakala ziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngokupheleleyo ngenxa yengubo yefilimu engabonisi ukukhanya kwiindawo zeeseli. Nangona kunjalo, kukho umahluko othile kumbala weemodyuli ngenxa yomahluko othile kubukhulu beefilimu ezinjalo. Sineseti yemibala eyahlukeneyo esemgangathweni, kuquka iblue eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, iblue ekhanyayo, iblue ephakathi, iblue emnyama kunye neblue enzulu kwiimodyuli. Ngaphezu koko, ukusebenza kakuhle kokuveliswa kwamandla e-PV kunxulunyaniswa namandla eemodyuli, kwaye akuchatshazelwa yiyo nayiphi na umahluko kumbala.
Ukuze kugcinwe amandla ezityalo esemgangathweni, jonga ukucoceka kwemiphezulu yeemodyuli rhoqo ngenyanga kwaye uzihlambe rhoqo ngamanzi acocekileyo. Kufuneka kuqwalaselwe ukucoca ngokupheleleyo imiphezulu yeemodyuli ukuthintela ukwakheka kweendawo ezishushu kwiimodyuli ezibangelwa bukungcola okushiyekileyo, kwaye umsebenzi wokucoca kufuneka wenziwe kusasa okanye ebusuku. Kwakhona, musa ukuvumela naziphi na izityalo, imithi kunye nezakhiwo ezinde kuneemodyuli ezikwicala lasempuma, kumzantsi-mpuma, kumzantsi-ntshona, kumzantsi-ntshona nasentshona ye-array. Ukuthena imithi kunye nezityalo ezinde kuneemodyuli ngexesha elifanelekileyo kuyacetyiswa ukuthintela umthunzi kunye nempembelelo enokubakho kwimveliso yamandla yeemodyuli (ukuze ufumane iinkcukacha, jonga incwadi yemiyalelo yokucoca.
Imveliso yamandla yesityalo samandla se-PV ixhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi, kuquka iimeko zemozulu kwindawo kunye nazo zonke izinto ezahlukeneyo kwinkqubo. Phantsi kweemeko zenkonzo eziqhelekileyo, imveliso yamandla ixhomekeke kakhulu kwimitha yelanga kunye neemeko zokufakelwa, ezixhomekeke kumahluko omkhulu phakathi kwemimandla kunye namaxesha onyaka. Ukongeza, sicebisa ukuba sinikele ingqalelo engakumbi ekubaleni isivuno samandla sonyaka senkqubo kunokugxila kwidatha yemveliso yemihla ngemihla.
Indawo ebizwa ngokuba yintaba entsonkothileyo inemigxobhozo ethe tyaba, iinguqu ezininzi eziya kwiithambeka, kunye neemeko ezinzima zejoloji kunye nezamanzi. Ekuqaleni koyilo, iqela loyilo kufuneka liqwalasele ngokupheleleyo naluphi na utshintsho olunokwenzeka kwi-topography. Ukuba akunjalo, iimodyuli zinokufihlwa elangeni ngqo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiingxaki ezinokwenzeka ngexesha loyilo kunye nolwakhiwo.
Ukuveliswa kombane we-PV eNtabeni kuneemfuno ezithile zomhlaba kunye nokujongwa. Ngokubanzi, kungcono ukukhetha iploti ethe tyaba enethambeka elisezantsi (xa ithambeka lingaphantsi kwama-35 degrees). Ukuba umhlaba unethambeka elingaphezulu kwama-35 degrees emazantsi, nto leyo ethetha ukwakhiwa okunzima kodwa isivuno samandla aphezulu kunye nendawo encinci ye-array kunye nomhlaba, kungangcono ukuphinda uqwalasele ukukhethwa kwendawo. Imizekelo yesibini zezo ndawo zinethambeka elisezantsi-mpuma, ithambeka elisezantsi-ntshona, ithambeka elisempuma, kunye nethambeka elisentshona (apho ithambeka lingaphantsi kwama-20 degrees). Olu jongo lunesithuba esikhulu se-array kunye nomhlaba omkhulu, kwaye lunokuqwalaselwa logama nje ithambeka lingaphakamanga kakhulu. Imizekelo yokugqibela zezo ndawo ezinethambeka elisentla elinomthunzi. Olu jongo lufumana ukufiphaliswa okuncinci, isivuno samandla amancinci kunye nendawo enkulu ye-array. Ezo ploti kufuneka zisetyenziswe kancinci kangangoko. Ukuba kufuneka kusetyenziswe ezo ploti, kungcono ukhethe iindawo ezinethambeka elingaphantsi kwama-10 degrees.
Indawo yeentaba ineethambeka ezineendlela ezahlukeneyo kunye notshintsho olukhulu lwethambeka, kwaneenduli ezinzulu okanye kwiindawo ezithile. Ke ngoko, inkqubo yokuxhasa kufuneka iyilwe ngendlela eguquguqukayo kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukuphucula ukulungelelana nomhlaba ontsonkothileyo: o Tshintsha iiraki ezinde zibe ziiraki ezimfutshane. o Sebenzisa isakhiwo seraki esilungelelaniswa ngakumbi nomhlaba: inkxaso yeenqwaba zomqolo omnye enomahluko wokuphakama kweekholamu ohlengahlengiswayo, inkxaso ezinzileyo yeenqwaba enye, okanye inkxaso yokulandelela ene-engile yokuphakama ehlengahlengiswayo. o Sebenzisa inkxaso yeentambo ezixineneyo ezinde, ezinokunceda ukoyisa ukungalingani phakathi kweekholamu.
Sinikezela ngoyilo oluneenkcukacha kunye nophando lwendawo kwizigaba zokuqala zophuhliso ukuze kuncitshiswe ubungakanani bomhlaba osetyenziswayo.
Izityalo zombane ze-PV ezinobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo zinobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo, zinobuhlobo nombane kwaye zinobuhlobo nomthengi. Xa zithelekiswa nezityalo zombane zesiqhelo, zibalaseleyo kwezoqoqosho, ukusebenza, ubuchwepheshe kunye nokukhutshwa komoya.
Iindawo zokuhlala ezisasazwe
Ukuveliswa kwamandla okuzisebenzela ngokwako kunye negridi yamandla angaphezulu okusebenzisa ngokwakho kuthetha ukuba amandla aveliswa yinkqubo yokuveliswa kwamandla e-photovoltaic esasazwe ngokubanzi asetyenziswa ngabasebenzisi bamandla ngokwabo, kwaye amandla angaphezulu aqhagamshelwe kwigridi. Yimodeli yeshishini yokuveliswa kwamandla e-photovoltaic esasazwe. Kule ndlela yokusebenza, indawo yoqhagamshelo lwegridi ye-photovoltaic isethwe kwicala lomthwalo wemitha yomsebenzisi, kuyimfuneko ukongeza imitha yokulinganisa yokudluliselwa kwamandla e-photovoltaic okanye usete imitha yokusetyenziswa kwamandla egridi kwiimitha ezimbini. Amandla e-photovoltaic asetyenziswa ngqo ngumsebenzisi ngokwakhe anokonwabela ngokuthe ngqo ixabiso lokuthengisa legridi yamandla ngendlela yokonga umbane. Umbane ulinganiswa ngokwahlukeneyo kwaye ulungiswe ngexabiso lombane elimiselweyo kwigridi.
Isikhululo samandla se-photovoltaic esisasazwayo sibhekisa kwinkqubo yokuvelisa umbane esebenzisa izixhobo ezisasazwayo, enomthamo omncinci ofakiweyo, kwaye ibekwe kufutshane nomsebenzisi. Ngokuqhelekileyo iqhagamshelwe kwigridi yamandla enenqanaba le-voltage elingaphantsi kwe-35 kV okanye ngaphantsi. Sisebenzisa iimodyuli ze-photovoltaic ukuguqula ngokuthe ngqo amandla elanga. kumandla ombane. Luhlobo olutsha lokuvelisa umbane kunye nokusetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo kwamandla kunye namathuba ophuhliso olubanzi. Sikhuthaza imigaqo yokuvelisa umbane okufutshane, uqhagamshelo lwegridi ekufutshane, ukuguqulwa okukufutshane, kunye nokusetyenziswa okukufutshane. Asinakunyusa kuphela ngempumelelo ukuveliswa kombane kwezityalo zamandla ze-photovoltaic zesikali esifanayo, kodwa sisombulula ngempumelelo ingxaki yokulahleka kombane ngexesha lokunyusa kunye nokuthuthwa komgama omde.
I-voltage eqhagamshelwe kwigridi yenkqubo ye-photovoltaic esasazekileyo imiselwa ikakhulu ngumthamo ofakiweyo wenkqubo. I-voltage ethile eqhagamshelwe kwigridi kufuneka imiselwe ngokwemvume yenkqubo yokufikelela yenkampani yegridi. Ngokubanzi, amakhaya asebenzisa i-AC220V ukuqhagamshela kwigridi, kwaye abasebenzisi bezorhwebo banokukhetha i-AC380V okanye i-10kV ukuqhagamshela kwigridi.
Ukugcinwa kobushushu kunye nokugcinwa kobushushu kweendawo zokugcina izityalo bekusoloko kuyingxaki ephambili ekhathaza abalimi. Iindawo zokugcina izityalo ze-photovoltaic kulindeleke ukuba zisombulule le ngxaki. Ngenxa yobushushu obuphezulu ehlotyeni, iintlobo ezininzi zemifuno azikwazi ukukhula ngokuqhelekileyo ukususela ngoJuni ukuya kuSeptemba, kwaye iindawo zokugcina izityalo ze-photovoltaic zifana nokongeza. I-spectrometer ifakiwe, enokwahlula imisebe ye-infrared kwaye ithintele ubushushu obugqithisileyo ukuba bungangeni kwindawo yokugcina izityalo. Ebusika nasebusuku, inokuthintela ukukhanya kwe-infrared kwindawo yokugcina izityalo ukuba kungaphumi ngaphandle, okunefuthe lokugcina ubushushu. Iindawo zokugcina izityalo ze-photovoltaic zezolimo zinokubonelela ngombane ofunekayo wokukhanyisa kwiindawo zokugcina izityalo zezolimo, kwaye amandla aseleyo anokudityaniswa negridi. Kwi-greenhouse ye-photovoltaic engekho kwigridi, inokusetyenziswa kunye nenkqubo ye-LED ukuvimba ukukhanya emini ukuqinisekisa ukukhula kwezityalo kunye nokuvelisa umbane ngaxeshanye. Inkqubo ye-LED yasebusuku ibonelela ngokukhanya kusetyenziswa amandla emini. Ii-photovoltaic arrays zingafakwa nakwiindawo zokuloba iintlanzi, amachibi angaqhubeka nokukhulisa iintlanzi, kwaye ii-photovoltaic arrays zingabonelela ngendawo yokuhlala efanelekileyo yokufuya iintlanzi, nto leyo esombulula ngcono impikiswano phakathi kophuhliso lwamandla amatsha kunye nobuninzi bomhlaba. Ke ngoko, iindawo zokugcina izityalo zezolimo kunye namachibi eentlanzi Inkqubo yokuvelisa umbane ye-photovoltaic esasazwayo ingafakwa.
Izakhiwo zefektri kwicandelo lemizi-mveliso: ingakumbi kwiifektri ezinokusetyenziswa kombane omkhulu kunye neentlawulo zombane ezibizayo zokuthenga kwi-intanethi, ngokuqhelekileyo izakhiwo zefektri zinendawo enkulu yophahla kunye nophahla oluvulekileyo noluthe tyaba, ezifanelekileyo ukufaka ii-photovoltaic arrays kwaye ngenxa yomthwalo omkhulu wamandla, iinkqubo ezidityaniswe negridi ye-photovoltaic zingasetyenziswa kwindawo ethile ukuze zinciphise inxalenye yamandla okuthenga kwi-intanethi, ngaloo ndlela zigcine iindleko zombane zabasebenzisi.
Izakhiwo zorhwebo: Isiphumo sifana neso seepaki zoshishino, umahluko kukuba izakhiwo zorhwebo ikakhulu zinophahla lwesamente, olulungele ngakumbi ukufakwa kwee-photovoltaic arrays, kodwa zihlala zineemfuno zobuhle bezakhiwo. Ngokwezakhiwo zorhwebo, izakhiwo zeeofisi, iihotele, amaziko eenkomfa, ii-resorts, njl. Ngenxa yeempawu zoshishino lwenkonzo, iimpawu zomthwalo wabasebenzisi ngokubanzi ziphezulu emini kwaye ziphantsi ebusuku, nto leyo enokuhambelana ngcono neempawu zokuveliswa kombane we-photovoltaic.
Izibonelelo zezolimo: Kukho inani elikhulu lophahla olufumanekayo kwiindawo zasemaphandleni, kuquka izindlu zabantu abazisebenzelayo, iishedi zemifuno, amachibi eentlanzi, njl. Iindawo zasemaphandleni zihlala zisekupheleni kwegridi yombane kawonke-wonke, kwaye umgangatho wombane awukho semgangathweni. Ukwakha iinkqubo ze-photovoltaic ezisasazwe kwiindawo zasemaphandleni kunokuphucula ukhuseleko lombane kunye nomgangatho wombane.
Izakhiwo zikamasipala nezinye izakhiwo zikawonke-wonke: Ngenxa yemigangatho yolawulo edibeneyo, umthwalo wabasebenzisi othembekileyo kunye nokuziphatha kweshishini, kunye nomdla ophezulu wokufakelwa, izakhiwo zikamasipala nezinye izakhiwo zikawonke-wonke nazo zifanelekile ekwakheni okuphakathi kunye nokudibeneyo kwee-photovoltaics ezisasazwe.
Iindawo ezikude zolimo kunye nezamadlelo kunye neziqithi: Ngenxa yomgama ukusuka kwigridi yombane, kusekho izigidi zabantu abangenawo umbane kwiindawo ezikude zolimo kunye namadlelo, kunye nakwiziqithi ezikunxweme. Iinkqubo ze-photovoltaic ezingaphandle kwegridi okanye ezihambisana neminye imithombo yamandla, inkqubo yokuvelisa umbane yegridi encinci ifanelekile kakhulu ukusetyenziswa kwezi ndawo.
Okokuqala, ingakhuthazwa kwizakhiwo ezahlukeneyo nakwizibonelelo zikawonke-wonke kulo lonke ilizwe ukwenza inkqubo yokuvelisa umbane we-photovoltaic esabiweyo, kwaye kusetyenziswe izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo zasekuhlaleni kunye nezibonelelo zikawonke-wonke ukuseka inkqubo yokuvelisa umbane esabiweyo ukuhlangabezana nenxalenye yemfuno yombane yabasebenzisi bamandla kunye nokubonelela ngokusetyenziswa okuphezulu. Amashishini anokubonelela ngombane wokuvelisa;
Okwesibini kukuba inokukhuthazwa kwiindawo ezikude ezifana neziqithi nakwezinye iindawo ezinombane omncinci kwaye kungekho mbane ukuze kwenziwe iinkqubo zokuvelisa umbane ngaphandle kwegridi okanye iigridi ezincinci. Ngenxa yomahluko kumanqanaba ophuhliso loqoqosho, kusekho abantu kwiindawo ezikude kwilizwe lam abangakhange bayisombulule ingxaki esisiseko yokusetyenziswa kombane. Iiprojekthi zegridi zixhomekeke kakhulu ekwandisweni kweegridi ezinkulu zombane, umbane omncinci wamanzi, umbane omncinci wobushushu kunye nezinye izibonelelo zombane. Kunzima kakhulu ukwandisa igridi yombane, kwaye irediyasi yombane inde kakhulu, nto leyo ebangela umgangatho ophantsi wokunikezelwa kombane. Uphuhliso lokuveliswa kombane osasazwa ngaphandle kwegridi alunakusombulula kuphela ingxaki yokunqongophala kombane Abemi kwiindawo eziphantsi kombane baneengxaki zokusetyenziswa kombane ezisisiseko, kwaye banokusebenzisa amandla ahlaziyekayo endawo ngokucocekileyo nangokufanelekileyo, besombulula ngempumelelo impikiswano phakathi kwamandla kunye nokusingqongileyo.
Ukuveliswa kwamandla e-photovoltaic asasazwayo kuquka iifom zesicelo ezifana neegridi ezincinci ezidityanisiweyo, ezingaphandle kwegridi kunye neegridi ezininzi ezincedisayo. Ukuveliswa kwamandla asasazwayo adityanisiweyo negridi kusetyenziswa kakhulu kufutshane nabasebenzisi. Thenga umbane kwigridi xa ukuveliswa kwamandla okanye umbane unganelanga, kwaye uthengise umbane kwi-intanethi xa kukho umbane ogqithisileyo. Ukuveliswa kwamandla e-photovoltaic asasazwayo angaphandle kwegridi kusetyenziswa kakhulu kwiindawo ezikude nakwiindawo zeziqithi. Ayiqhagamshelwanga kwigridi enkulu yamandla, kwaye isebenzisa inkqubo yayo yokuvelisa umbane kunye nenkqubo yokugcina umbane ukubonelela ngokuthe ngqo umbane kumthwalo. Inkqubo ye-photovoltaic esasazwayo inokwenza inkqubo yombane omncinci encedisayo enamandla amaninzi kunye nezinye iindlela zokuvelisa umbane, ezinje ngamanzi, umoya, ukukhanya, njl.njl., enokusetyenziswa ngokuzimeleyo njengegridi encinci okanye ifakwe kwigridi yokusebenza kwenethiwekhi.
Okwangoku, kukho izisombululo ezininzi zemali ezinokuhlangabezana neemfuno zabasebenzisi abahlukeneyo. Kufuneka utyalo-mali oluncinci lokuqala, kwaye imali mboleko ihlawulwa ngengeniso evela ekuvelisweni kombane minyaka le, ukuze bonwabele ubomi obuluhlaza obuziswa yi-photovoltaics.
